Unilever Re-Branding

Here is the idea that I am pitching to the rest of the class, I have chosen Magnum as I feel there is an obvious new audience that could be targeted and I also am not a huge fan of Magnum myself so I thought that this would be an interesting product to chose for my Unilever Re-Branding.

Advert Analysis

Having to look at Unilever and analyse one of their products, I decided to look at PG Tips, purely because it's a product I know and I think that it would be interesting to analyse. It's also good to look at because I hate tea and there found I would have a lot to talk about for PG Tips because I am not a tea drinker.

The Pre-Production Process

The Pre-Production Process

Requirements For A Moving Image Production

Type of Moving Image Production (Media Forms)

There are many types of media forms in the industry but for our media product we were asked to create a ninety second short, for a short film competition called DepicT! Every year it takes hundreds of entries from all over the country all trying to create a piece outstanding enough to have the chance of winning up to £3000 prize money, invaluable industry exposure and various other prizes. Not only is there DepicT! but there are other types of moving image media products such as short or feature films, TV shows, documentaries, animations, adverts and more. All of these will have different types of moving images and their own styles and each one will take a different approach on to how it's distributed to an audience, these can be through the radio, cinemas, social media, newspapers and magazines and even through Netflix and Love Film which are another way to watch films, not only that but if programmes are missed they can be played on the internet through catch-up on sites such as BBC iPlayer. With our DepicT! short we distributed it through the internet and onto YouTube, where it can be viewed by many people who can then leave feedback. As you can see below, the moving image below is an advertisement, but there is more to this advert as it has a well known actor which is to further sell and promote this product.

Finance and Sources of Funding

After creating an idea for a moving image production you then need to be able to fund and finance the product. Having the money make a film is a difficult challenge but if you do have it, you would then be able to self-finance the production. If you don't have the money then you'll need to find a source of funding; these can be from crowd funding to private investors all depending on what you're moving image production is and how much money you are going to need. If you can get a private investor to fund your film, like Megan Ellison and Robert Rodriguez then not only will you have your funding but this will also be beneficial for them as this will  increase recognition of who they are and also yourself as the creator of the moving image production. Ellison started her career around 2006 and since then she has founded a distribution company called Annapurna Pictures which "is a film production and finance company founded with the goal of creating sophisticated, high-quality films that might otherwise be deemed risky by contemporary Hollywood studios" (http://www.annapurnapics.com/main/#about), she is known for a range of films, such as Main Street (2010) which was the first film she helped finance and others such as Catch .44 (2011), True Grit (2010) and Zero Dark Thirty (2012). Companies that commission you could be another possibility to get funding, like Warner Brothers, Universal Studios and even Disney.

Not only can you have commissions from companies but this can also be linked in with product placement as companies and brands sponsor and pay films to then have their product in the film, a prime example of this is in Skyfall (2012) as the company Heineken paid $45 million for product placement, which meant that Bond had to switch from his Martini to this beer. This mass amount of money was put towards the film and not only is the drink a change but in previous Bond movies the car in each film has been switched various times due to product placement. Linking back in with types of moving image production, you can see that Heineken has taken the opportunity to also use Daniel Craig to appear in their advert, and this is all linked in with their later product placement in the film. Both of these get the beer, the film and an increase in recognition. Another possibility if you are on a low budget is to raise the money through crowd funding. This can be done through a website called Crowd Funder where people give you money to help fund your film, this is very similar to Kickstarter which is a wider fundraiser launched in 2009 and has already achieved over $890 million to help fund 52,000 projects all over the world. Looking into a low budget films that had the support of Crowd Funder, the film The Age of Stupid (2009) was the first to use the crowd funding model as they aimed for the budget of £450,000 which was raised by the donations from 223 individuals. On the opening weekend of the film it raised £101,752. Even though this was a loss, Crowd Funder had made it possible for this low budget film to be successful enough to be previewed in cinemas.


Requirements

Even though the funding and idea may be covered, within the funding you are also going to need money for the requirements, and this could range from cameras through to transport. The main requirements for a production are, actors, props, costumes, equipment and your location. These all link in with funding as the majority of the time you will have to pay for the equipment or the actors you wish to use, such as famous Hollywood films with big stars in them. Such as in Skyfall (2012) Daniel Craig was paid 10.7 million to be in the film. Of course if you are making a huge blockbuster film then you need to have the money to pay the actors. With our DepicT! we needed two actors and for that we asked our friends if they would like to par-take, for us this was cheap because they weren't paid, they willingly helped us with the production; in other low budget films there is always the possibility that you can get friends and family to help out with the production you'd be making.

Not only that but locations are a requirement that is necessary for the film and most places need a permit, such as the Hollywood sign where you need to get permission to have it in the type of media you'll be producing, details can be found at http://www.hollywoodsign.org/filming-the-sign/. In our media production we used our college library to film our moving image production and the only thing we needed to shoot was for the librarian to agree and fill out and sign a location release form. This can be similar to other low budget film makers if they use locations that don't need to be paid for and this can help reduce costs but at the same time it can be difficult as getting all the actors to the set can be troublesome and that can be pricey. Not only is it the actors but the equipment that is then needed is a requirement, with companies like Warner Brothers they have their own supplies, which can be found at http://wbsl.com/rentals and this is where they rent out to other feature films, TV programmes and commercials.

Another requirement for our DepicT! production was the cameras and tripods which were essential to the filming, these were rented out of the AV room in our college which is where most equipment is available to take out, though once taken out the responsibility of that item is then on your own name, with this we felt comfortable enough to borrow the equipment to then use in the library which was just down the corridor from the colleges AV room.


Personnel

As for the crew (the production team) which is a group of people usually hired by a production company for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture, you need enough to be able to cover the areas that you are working on but the amount of crew members that can be on a team is an extortionate amount, and if you are producing a low budget film, then you're unable to fulfil all available crew positions and therefore have less people or even have people that can operate in more than one area. For instance with the Blair Witch Project (1999) there were minimal people who worked on that film, and the characters that were in the film played themselves. The cameraman was given a two day crash course on how to film and he then hoped and improvised that the filming would go well.

Talking about that film leads me onto the talent (actors) which are the other half of the production team that then all work together to make the media production. Likewise you need the actors to be there and on set, this for The Blair Witch Project was done a lot differently as the majority of actors were not sure of what they were doing as they were only given little notes across the eight days filming they had, their dialogue was also improvised, the main three actors were kept safe and made to feel like part of the film. Some of the planted actors were there to act in the background and were not known to the three main characters.

Unlike a low budget film, a television programme would have a completely different team as they would make sure that every role is filled with around fifty people working, this can be from the camera crew, lighting crew, make-up artists, costume designer actors and extras. Compared to a low budget film there are a lot more people on set to make up this team though there is more money available to be able to hire this kind of crew and then the actors for on-screen purposes. A list of positions for a TV crew can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_crew

Hundreds of people can work on a Hollywood feature film, as there crew can be hundreds of possibility's of available positions which can range from a Foley artists to a Gaffer. More can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_crew. Of course you have the main crew consisting of you producer, director, writer etc. but then there are assistants and personal assistants depending on your job role that then further help. A prime example in Skyfall is the opening sequence which had taken four hundred crew members to Turkey for two months to just film around twelve minutes of screen time, this shows that there are lots of people needed to produce even a small sequence and I suppose a few of those were just assistants. Not only that but a lot more money is spent on a crew in a Hollywood feature film and this is because there budget is a lot higher, for instance Skyfall had a budget of $200,000,000, this meant that a lot of money could be spent on paying the crew as the budget was large.

Allocating positions in our DepicT! was a lot less intricate than a Hollywood feature film as there were only three people in our crew therefore we equally shared out the roles, as we were the crew Jack and I were filming (as we worked one camera each) whilst Mark sorted out the props and costumes. All three of us could then direct our actors of which we only had two and their tasks weren't too complex, they could also follow the storyboard that we had shown them and this kept our entire personnel simple.


Time

It's a crucial element to the media business as we have deadlines for everything that is produced, and likewise there are set times for feature films and when the release date will be; sticking to this is an element that either makes or breaks a film. Not only is it the release date that has to be stuck to but the dates of shooting and having your crew members there is a vital necessity.


The Day The Clown Cried (1972) is a prime example of a complete 'flop' in which this film still hasn't been released, as there were multiple issues with filming and the crew not turning up and even running out of money and therefore it wasn't completely finished, though an entire negative has been kept and some parts have still been shown in various places. The reason for the failure of this movie is due to the crew members not arriving on time, and there was a lot of late deliveries with the necessary equipment which then lead to delays and not having plans set in stone therefore lead to this 'flop'.

Not only have there been failures but a lot of films that stick to their plan and are released on time then leads to further positive outcomes and other companies, productions and investors then have more faith and there is a likeness that people will work with the production company again.

In the case of our DepicT! production we had one week to plan, one week to film and one week to edit, though we had to make it a little more fast paced as I wanted to be there for the entire project but I was going away so we had to rearrange our schedule, this meant allocating our own time to meet and then get the planning done as this was an essential. We made ourselves more deadlines and all took on individual roles so that we could regroup and have everything completed. We managed to get it done on time and start a little of the editing. In the final week the other group members finished editing and produced the sound. As we had our deadline sooner (of our own choice) you can tell that if the extra week was there then we could have made some improvements but the time was an issue, but we still met the final deadline and this lead to a positive outcome.


Equipment/Facilities

If you are producing a low budget film then the likeliness of having all equipment needed to film is quite low, and therefore the majority of low budget films rent their equipment out. But if you have the money, it is likely that the equipment will be bought. These two are both ways in which you can obtain equipment. In the case of our DepicT! moving image production we got our equipment from the AV room as this had all the equipment that we needed which were two cameras, two tripods and a jib. This was easy for us to obtain as we borrowed them, of course when borrowing you have to make sure that nothing is then damaged otherwise you are responsible and that could cost a lot of money. Linking back in with finance this could then make difficulties with what you can afford if something is broken as a lot of money will be lost from your available budget.


A professional media facility house is somewhere that can rent out a studio or a room, or their equipment, like the one in Norwich, Epic Studios is a unique entertainment and media venue that lend our their rooms and editing suites for various occasions. Like Epic, there is another facility house in Bristol called The Hire, I found a rate card for this place as Epic didn't have one and this was the closet to Norwich. The rate card can be found here http://www.thehireco.co.uk/pdfs/Post-Production.pdf/E98E2385-E7DC-4076-BAB1-8F854ED5CC43+ where a list of their prices for certain equipment and daily or weekly prices are at. The Hire was established in 1991 and it provides a wide range of AV hire services ranging from broadcast equipment to presentation services.


Locations

Producing a moving image production is a challenge but once you have created the idea you of course have to figure out where you are going to shoot, this requires a process of location scooting, which can otherwise be known as location recces. These are forms that are usually filled out when a possible location is visited and then it's checked on its suitability for shooting, including access to necessary facilities and an assessment of any potential lighting or sound issues. This can produce a whole range of location possibilities and if all are needed then a location release form needs to be signed, which gives the legal rights to then film at that location. Not only does the release need to be signed but the police need to be notified if there will be an involvement of guns or anything dangerous so that the public (if nearby) don't get involved and then your filming stopped because the police may worry something suspicious is going on.

In our DepicT! production we had filled out a location recce and got the release form signed which was to all go ahead in the library, this was a simpler task as this was on college ground and we had only used the last column of the library so we weren't in anyone's ways and this didn't lead to issues such as having the library shut or making it out of use for anyone. We picked the library due to it being a perfect example of where our main character may be in the situation it was in and therefore using the college library lead to less risks and problems rather than using the local library as we could have been turned down and they may not have agreed.

With Skyfall (2012) there were various locations that were scouted such as, Turkey, London, Shanghai and other places, so trying to shoot really was difficult as there were areas that were exotic enough in different countries. As seen in this video (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kFGXK5ga1YI#t=73) which is about the scouting for locations you really can see the difficulties they had. Though in the end, things were changed and eventually the film was shot in many places. Though they also had scouted places such as India, there were complications with securing permission to shutting half the railway and this wasn't the first time this location had these permission difficulties, such as in The Dark Knight Rises (2012) and Mission Impossible (2011) in which they had problems obtaining film permits. Eventually permission was granted for the Bond film but there were restrictions, this lead to the team decided not to shoot there at all.

Another location issue could be if there are injuries and like in Skyfall, Daniel Craig suffered from several injuries when acting in that film and even some of the previous films. This could not then lead to legal issues but this could disrupt the schedule for shooting and if you'll still eligible to shoot at that location. This leads on to if there had been issues and risks on our location set, of which we did encounter as there were possible trip hazards but these had been overcome by making sure everything was tucked away and that people weren't constantly passing on another (as it was only a small column) therefore we kept risks minimized to the best level we could as if something had gone wrong then this could have caused trouble for the location area and then disrupt the rest of the room.


Materials

In addition to the cast and crew, it is necessary to have materials such as props, costumes, and sounds and sound effects. These all need to be obtained in some way to then be used or later added onto your production. Looking at a lot of films you can see the amount of detail that is put into each prop, such as in Skyfall there is a bit of a spoiler alert as the name of M is given out as its en-scripted on a box on her desk. Not only that but the prop designers go into great detail to make everything believable, this is seen in a report that is about Bond and you can see that there is detail of the analysis on every page (as seen in the photo to the right).


Looking at our DepicT! production, we had various materials that were necessary such as books and specifically a Harry Potter book and the 'Wizardry For Dummies' book, we obtained these by borrowing them from the library as this was the easiest way for us to get the books. With our 'Wizardry for Dummies' book we borrowed a Digital SLR for dummies book and then made a cover that went over the top, this probably wasn't the best of ideas but we didn't really have a budget and therefore couldn't buy the book (which seemed to exist) therefore we had to make do. If you are making a film then you need to make some financial considerations, like in Skyfall a mass amount of money was set aside just for the costumes and Jany Temime and her team made sixty of the same costumes which all had little variations; not only that but being designed by Tom Ford meant that it was also very expensive as if you want a custom made suit designed by him it's around $5000. Not only that but certain props can make a character, such as Bond with his scarf as explained in this question from an interview: (the rest of the interview can be found at http://www.gq.com/style/blogs/the-gq-eye/2012/11/jany-temime-skyfall-interview-james-bond-style-daniel-craig.html)

"GQ: Definitly. But why did Daniel want a scarf?
Jany Temime: One of the reasons was, of course, the human side of the character. He wanted to show that Bond needed some sort of protection. It was a psychological thing, something that was supposed to be from his family. And when you look at him without that dark scarf, it's a little too happy. I need the blue for all the dark to bring out the coldness and the sharpness of his eyes."


Making sure you don't go bankrupt or in debt is another case where films can then fail, like The Day The Clown Cried where they went out of budget so much as the producer ran out of money, so the director had to use his own money to start paying back the fees that they had gone over by. Luckily for our DepicT! we had no finances and therefore the materials we needed didn't leave us at a loss.

Legal Issues

This is a major component to acknowledge when in a moving image production as you could have big issues with anything and almost everything in the production will need to be checked, even for copyright. Copyright is a concept that defines the ownership of an original work and its exclusive rights to its owner. The purpose of copyright is to give the creators the rights from anyone else to then adjust and manipulate or use the work. This also prevents anyone else using the work in anyway unless permission from the copyright holder is given. Copyright in film is a lot more complicated as the copyright law stays on the work until seventy years after your death (usually) but in film, the law applies until seventy years after the death of the last to die of the writer, director, producer and composer. (There is more copyright information at http://www.creativeskillset.org/film/knowledge/article_5097_1.asp).

Another legal issue could be clearance, this is where you need to have official authorisation for something to precede or take place. In film you need to have your production cleared before anything can happen. This means that you have written permission to use everything that appears in your film; this can range from bring the script to brand names. Clearances need to be made sooner rather than later otherwise mass problems can occur, or in fact if something isn't cleared there can be issues.

Talking about the copyright and clearance within our DepicT! production as we had some major issues (that is if we wanted to officially publish our production) as we used the Harry Potter books and their spells there was mass copyright issues as we based our piece on spells and using ones such as 'Wingardium Leviosa' is copyright due to it not being our own. We would have been able to use it if we had gotten permission from Warner Brothers, but as we didn't ask or even inform them, if we made a profit then they could sue us for copyright, this would lead to clearance issues as we wouldn't have the rights to have our short cleared.

Public Liability Insurance is an important feature as it keeps members of the public from getting hurt or from distracting them from their daily routines. If you are going to do this, for instance if you need to film outside then you need to notify the local authorities and clear it with them so you can film. This then gives a chance for other arrangements to be made, such as diversions is there is a road closure due to your filming so that the public are not late for work and then can't be complained at. This insurance keeps you covered for the main essentials, especially if filming outside.

Another legal issue is completion guarantee/insurance of which is needed if you are going to be distributing your production. A sum of money is paid upfront as a minimum distribution guarantee and then when the film is produced and ready on the deadline then you will be able to get some of the money back or profit from the distribution. Though with this if the deadline is not met then the likeliness is that you won't get paid, which is why this guarantee is in place to make sure that deadlines are met.


Regulations

A regulator body is a professional body that is primarily to protect the public. Such bodies exist as a function to impose requirements, restrictions and conditions, set standards in relation to any activity and secure compliance or enforcement. Ofcom (Office Of Communications) formed in 2003 is an independent regulator and competition authority for the UK communications industries. It's function is to monitor media and protect the public from what might be considered harmful or offensive material. Being a government approved regulatory it works in areas to do with broadcasting, telecommunications and postal industries in the UK.

The BBC is regulated by the BBC Trust which regulates the whole of the BBC's output. But at the same time, some of the content that is broadcasted is not only regulated by the Trust but also by Ofcom, and in this case there is overlapping regulatory jurisdiction. These lead to issues on who own what as some of the rules for Ofcom don't fit with the BBC regulations and there can be disputes with what content can be seen as Ofcom may find this harmful to viewers (in the context of television).

Other than Ofcom, there is another regulatory body, which is the BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) established in 1912 it is a non-governmental organisation which is funded by the film industry. Its function is being responsible for the national classifications and censorship of films distributed within the UK. The board have the power to ban, cuts or reject films and even alter categories for films that our exhibited.

Moving image products via the internet are a lot different to TV regulations, as there is a lot more explicit productions that are view able at any time in the day and it's a lot harder to control. Ofcom and the BBFC don't have the rights to change or do anything about what is uploaded to the internet; whereas usually on television, programmes after nine pm are less suitable for children, this can be controlled unlike the internet. Products that are on via the internet are a lot easier to view and the majority of times it can be illegally too; a lot of the time the origin is difficult to find when distributed through the internet. But there are some places that can try and regulate what can be seen, such as YouTube which doesn't allow explicit videos such as pornography. Below is a section taken from BBC news about the regulations and freeness of internet productions and viewing. The rest of the Q&A can be found at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/6166814.stm.

"So is there any legal regulation of online video at all?
In a word, no. Things that are already illegal in the UK- such as incitement to racial hatred and blasphemy - are still illegal online. But there is so much content created, and most of it comes from other countries, that it is very hard to police any applicable laws.
The European Union is in the process of updating it legislation for audio-visual broadcasts, which will contain safeguards in areas such as protecting children from sex and violence and setting limits on advertising. This was to have covered all new media, including online video- but has now been scaled back to just cover TV and "TV- like" services such as video-on-demand.
So internet video will remain free of regulations in areas like taste and decency."

Luckily in our DepicT! production we didn't really have any collisions with regulations of what we had in our moving image production. There was no explicit content and we did upload it via the internet, using YouTube and it was able to be seen for whoever but we haven't broken any guidelines with the content in our production.


Trade Unions and Trade Associations

Trade Unions are an organised association of workers in trade, groups of trade or profession, formed to protect and ensure that nobody in the media industry is exploited as they consider the industry's rights and interests. A trade union can be made up of individual workers, professionals, past workers, students and or the unemployed. They help to keep a communication between the workers and management as they give advice and try and keep peace between differences before conflicts occur. This keeps a healthy and safe working environment for everyone.

Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television, also known as PACT are a trade union  that represents and promotes the commercial interests of independent feature films, digital, television and children and animation media companies. They offer support for their members in terms of legal and business affairs. Though they may be supportive of getting you access to the right documents and help you to do your business they leave the production for you to do, as they aren't a production that listens to ideas you wish to pitch. A key part to their work is engaging with government organisations at many European levels and negotiating terms. All of PACT is a not-for-profit organisation that acts under the direction of the Pact Council.

Another trade union is the BECTU (Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theater Union) which is a media and entertainment trade union, covering areas including broadcasting, film, independent production, theatre and the arts, leisure and digital media. They have many people who help by volunteering themselves to work for BECTU and not only that but it's financed completely on subscriptions from its members. BECTU has key aims of which are to protect jobs, increase membership and improve par and conditions of service, including pensions. It provides a range of services to its 25,000 (approx.) members, including; negotiating pay and contracts with employers, it also offers training support and courses. The union was founded in 1991 after a series of mergers between separate unions during the 1980's.

Trade associations which are also known as an industry trade group, business association or sector association, are known as an organisations founded by businesses that operate in a specific industry. Its main focus is to work on the collaboration of companies. In many associations they are non-profit organisations governed by laws and directed by officers who are also part of that association. A trade association that interest me is the Royal Television Society (RTS) as it takes an interest in what is displayed on TV, as a forum it has many meetings and embraces all aspects of television, including the creative community all through to satellite. It has monthly lectures that involve debates and has influential speakers all about the future of television, this association is an educational charity and relies on it's members. I find all of this interesting in how there are members who can sign up and then be part of the future involving television.



Bibliography

Heineken advert:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHz30rlNHCc
Heineken Image: http://www.filmnav.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Bond-heineken.jpg
Kickstarter Image: http://blogs-images.forbes.com/erikkain/files/2012/04/kickstarter-logo.jpg
Warner Brothers Image: http://wbsl.com/images/default-album/warner-bros-studios-leavesden-logo.png
Blair Witch Project Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/26/Blair_Witch_Project.jpg
The Day The Clown Cried Image: http://dailygrindhouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/DAY-THE-CLOWN-CRIED1.jpg
Epic Image: http://www.epic-tv.com/images/epic-logo11-12.jpg
Bond Scenery Image: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbJv3ejg_FaEiv5qCUxVlLGLjQWMGXeZlTIoHWZAIiqR9EZgVLRfpT2gkC1YdnjsWbAvyrWA7N2U4WpQyHV4cvmI81VMClJRpUmCu-u3Wus6dJg44A7LINo4ZyrwxScZL01hUf4gJ2O6s/s640/403387_377608855653397_81270497_n.jpg
Bond Report Image: http://oyster.ignimgs.com/wordpress/stg.ign.com/2013/02/bondevaluation2-610x569.jpg
Bond Outfit Image: http://www.esquire.com/cm/esquire/images/Fs/esq-skyfall-bond-on-roof-11212-xlg.jpg
Copyright Image: http://www.copyrightauthority.com/copyright-symbol/Copyright-Symbol-images/Copyright_symbol_9.gif
Ofcom Image: http://styles.ofcom.org.uk/images/global/ofcom.gif
BBFC Image: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/BBFC_Logo.svg/150px-BBFC_Logo.svg.png
BBC Image: http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/42204000/jpg/_42204560_youtube203.jpg
PACT Image: http://www.pact.co.uk/themes/pact/front-end/gfx/pact_logo.gif
BECTU Image: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9ajL1NXYCC0yBR-IuoL92aFFFhOKNCpDo5m8pp6MEeBla9Jcr6uDvYSM_6KYfw5WePwNbw3bbojOBVVQbNR1RR9neVmKA2WJkiu583Z1FdE89tkFyGdAb3pWHhpnh03gMUKRI7ofEFaw/s1600/tumblr_lzinwm1W8h1qc3swa.jpeg

Evaluation of Final Product

Having done the film, I am pleased with how it has finally come out. I think that the whole film has worked as a story and for a group piece I feel that we have completed this with minimal errors. Though I may not have been there when the idea was created and when the final editing was done, I like the idea and having been heavily involved in the pre-production I have understood the story and been able to film it to a standard I think would make a good piece with the pre-production that had been done.

Some of the problems that we have faced have been with editing such as the continuity. At one point you see our main character pick up the wand and then place it on to the book, the wand is placed on the book to the right and then when we see the close up scrolling down the page we see the wand is facing the left, as it has flipped. This is an error we see which we were going to re-shoot but unable to due to taking the spells sheet home when I went on holiday and they couldn't then use it.

Alongside this, when the group watched the video back we got some feedback from peers in the class, one person said that the eye-line matches and the reaction shots to the spells failing really got the audience involved with the main character. When planning, we wanted to get these kinds of shots in the short film as this gave depth and could create connections between the audience and the main character. As you can see in the two images below this was an interesting eye-line match that we made as we had the main character peer over the top o the book, not only that but it was at a low angle because it also seems like a point of view shot from the wand, and that's why he looks over and then the next shot is at his eye level, as an eye-line match and you see the wand, I found these shots to really work well and be at interesting angles.

Not only that but similar with the reaction shots, we had a shot of the spell failing, such as the glasses just sitting in the case not moving, and then we went back to a low angle shot of the main character and you can see that he is disappointed that the spell didn't work. I liked the use of these shots and going from high and low angles to show perspective of being the object or the character and these really helped with identification.

Having these pointers said, other members in the group said that as a whole the editing was really well edited and the continuity was good (of course other than that minor error). I am happy with this kind of feedback as in my eyes I found the editing to be an important role, in fact the most important role at telling the story. Another piece of positive feedback is that the 180˚ rule wasn't broken which I am pleased to say as this is a main thing in editing and filming to not break, and we didn't, so I am very pleased.


Another factor is camera work, as this is also another important area in filming our short. When asking for feedback about the camera work, it had been mentioned that it was really interesting and smooth, especially (linking with editing) the eye-line match shots and the angles that were used. This kind of camera work was used to encourage connections between the main character and the audience. A piece of negative feedback was about the last shot. Even though it was people's favourite shot, there were a lot of issues with it, as mentioned the shot was too quick, such as not being able to read the books and also when the camera moves back you don't really notice that the box had disappeared.


Mise-en-scene is another component to reflect on when looking at our work and I think that our setting was nicely chosen as we were looking at books and the library was relevant. There was feedback given that the costumes used at the end very well picked as they show that they are ridiculous clothing items that wouldn't be worn daily and therefore worked well when the friend was confused. Alongside that there was also the floating glasses. A peer said that the way they were made to float was done well and really fitted the piece as they looked like they were floating. This was created by green screen but still, I think it does the job, though I am not happy with it as I think it looks a little tacky and is too far in the top right of the screen.

Sound was a factor that needed to be one quite well in our piece as we wanted to have the ambient sounds of the library throughout the entire piece, and we did this quite easily and just had the levels adjusted depending on what else was going on in the film. There was a wide range of feedback about sound.
Some of the negative feedback that was given was:

• Voices aren't very powerful and seem to bland
• There were echos on other parts of speech, making it seem like it was still in main characters head
• There was no music (maybe some could have been added on credits)

Even those this feedback was given, I understand where they are coming from, though I didn't hear the other echos on the voices I personally feel that the spells could have had more oomph in delivering the words as they don't seem powerful enough to portray that he really wants to make these spells or that when he is angry at the friend, he doesn't sound angry at all. There is no range in the voices and how each one is spoken.

There was also positive feedback given about the sound, such as:

• Voice over was created well, as it had a kind of echo
• Ambient noises set the scene

These points were good to hear as the ambient noises played an important role (as mentioned above) and I found that the voice over at the start was my favourite part as it really did sound like it was in his head, this was created with an effect when editing the sound to make it feel more realistic.


If there were possibilities to fix some areas if the feedback was given before the piece was finalised and finished then I would re-shoot that last shot again and make it less shaky and more stable at a slower pace so that everything was seen and the shot would be smoother and work well. Alongside this I would also re-record the voices so that the delivery was better and the actually sounded interesting and real instead of bland. Finally, I would have also taken on board the other negative points and tried to sort those out so that the piece flowed better and there were no continuity errors. Having said this, I have found the whole experience fun and I am pleased with the final outcome as it has worked and the majority of the short is okay. I am happy to have produced this and feel that all the pre-production work that we made has fitted to this and turned out pretty much to the point of how we planned it.

Props

So having done a prop list, I went out and took some photos of some of the things we needed, which would be the main essentials in the shooting. These were just photo's that I took for personal use so I knew what we would be using and I could later reference back to them if I needed them.

As you can see, below are the glasses that we are planning on using, I think that using these will work really well because linking in with the actual Harry Potter he has circular glasses and making these a prop really fits in with the theme. As we borrowed these from our teacher, I am grateful he was able to lend us these to use for our shooting.

Not only that, but we also needed a wand for the shoot, this was the main prop in the entire piece and luckily I am a Harry Potter fan and I have the Elder Wand. So I brought this in from home and I used this. I think the fact we are using a replica wand really emphasises the fact that this relates to Harry Potter and we can use this and the box works well to add some character in our short instead of just having the wand out of the box.

Finally, we needed some sort of book for our main character to read as this was where he would find the spells. As for finding a wizardry book for dummies there was one online but we didn't buy it as there was no budget for this shoot and therefore we compensated by creating a book cover instead. We found another dummy book that was in the college and created a title that said 'Wizardry' this was then covered over the original title and the 'for Dummies' was left in place. This worked well as just a cover to be seen and read by our audience when they watch the short. Not only that but we created a spells page so that when we wanted to have an extreme close-up of the wand going down the page looking at the spells there would be a list of possibility's. This page that was created was then placed on the inside of the page and I think that it works well as it looks old and the spells are large so can be read easily.


I think that all of these props will work really well in our shooting. I feel that these props really work well because they represent what we are trying to perceive in out short.

Props and Costumes List

This was the props and costumes list that we made, though there weren't many props I think that all of the props we do need are just as important instead of having loads. These were the main essentials that we needed and I think that having this really helps in prepration for when we go to shoot.

Props

- Glasses

- Glasses Case

- Wand

- Wand Box

- Digital SLR Videography for Dummies Book

- Assortment of Fantasy & History books

- Spells page (that we had created)

- Wizardry title (for Wizardry for Dummies Book)

Costumes

- Fluffy Leopard print hat

- Karate Jacket

- 3D Glasses

- Casual clothes (that were already being worn)

Risk Assesment

So having done our location scouting and searching for props and everything, as a final pre-production point we made a risk assesment. This consisted of various things that could be a risk whilst we were shooting.

Finally we had this signed at checked through to make sure that our risks were low. Even though there aren't many risks, we tried to think of everything possible. I think this covers all of the ideas and things that we hope to film and the problems that may occur.

Talent Releases

So after having everything planned we had to do the talent release forms and as we only had two people in our short it was quite simple to do. Having the sheets back we made sure that both of our talents had filled the form out and signed it.

The one below is of the friend that we wanted to cast, this was an adult release form as he was classed an adult, it was a form that was filled out easily and he was pleased to par-take in the shooting of our short.



After this one, we cast the main guy who was a friend of Jack's, this made it easier to do as he knew that he would be responsible enough to take on the main part. I was looking forward to shooting after we had cast both talents. Below is the minor form that our main character had to fill out, it was signed by his parent as he was under the age of eighteen.

Having to use both of the release forms was interesting to do and we got to see the range of forms that our used for different circumstances. I am totally prepared to shoot and this should go down well with our talents!

Location Release

After deciding that the library was the place we wanted we went back and we had a location release form filled in by the librarian, this allowed us permission too shoot on the allocated day and also at the time and had been agreed so that it was eligible for us to shoot.

This works well as this allows us to shoot and I look forward to shooting!

Location Recce

Alongside the photos below we had the Location Recce where we went to the college Library as the place that we wanted to shoot, we then filled out this sheet to make sure it would be the right place and check it out, the pictures that we took were really handy so we can reference and plan where we will have things set up and ready for the use of our shooting. This Location Recce was really handy and I think that the Library will be the place we will shoot at.

Location Recce Photo's

 When we went location scouting we looked around the library and we took a load of photos which had use to us. We made sure that this also related to risk assessments and anything like the power capabilities, this was linked in with our location recce as we took these photos.

The above images are the column in the library that we will be using, this is a great spot as this column is the widest and we feel that everything will fit.

The image on the left is the column of books that are on the row that we will be shooting on. The image on the right is a selection of fantasy books that we could use to make the piles of books that will be on the floor.

Finally these two photos are of the available plug sockets at the end of the column we are using, these can be used for lamps to help motivate the lighting if it is too dull or just any other power capabilities that are needed.

Story Boards

Here are the story boards that we created according to our shot list:

These are the outline for the ideas that we have created, I think that this has been well planned out and I look forward to more planning and shooting this short!

Shot List

1. Establishing Shot; Medium Shot; Straight on
-Camera tracks from right to left and we see subject reading a book.

2. Over the Shoulder; High Angle
- Book is shut and placed onto a bigger pile of books.

3. Close-up; High Angle
- Hand comes into shot and picks up "Wizardry For Dummies" Book. Book is then pulled out of the frame.

4. Over the Shoulder; High Angle
- Book is opened and a page is flicked to.

5. Close-up; Low Angle
- A page is turned and a spell is read, the head of the subject then peers over the top of the book.

6. Eye Line Match; Medium Shot; High Angle
- Wand is glared at in a box, subjects hand then reaches in and grabs the wand.

7.Match on Action; Over the Shoulder; High Angle
- Wand is continued being picked up and placed on the page of the book and then begins to move down (scroll)

8. Match on Action; Extreme Close-up; High Angle
- Wand tracks down the page and stops on a spell and taps the page.

9. Over the Shoulder; High Angle
- Wand is pointed at a set of glasses, the wand is waved and the spell is spoken.

10. Close-up; Low Angle
- Nothing happen to the glasses, subjects sigh is seen in the reflection i the mirror and then the subject looks down (back at book)

11. Eye Line Match; Extreme Close-Up; High Angle
- Page is looked down and then stops on another spell.

12. Over the Shoulder; High Angle
- Subject is angry that previous spell didn't work and waves wand around at mirror and yells the spell, but once again nothing happens.

13. Medium Shot; Straight on
- Friend walks into frame and asks a sarcastic question

14. Point of View (friend)
- Subject yells the spell and aims at its friend

15. Medium Shot, Straight On
- Subject gets up and pushes past friend and storms off, the camera then tracks down and cranes to the right and we see the floating glasses. The camera tracks back up and we see that the mirror is gone. Finally the camera dips back down and cranes diagonally to the left and we see the books (to get more information and back story about the subject) the camera finally reaches the friend who is dressed up is ridiculous clothes.

16. Credits
- Fade to Black.

Production Diary

16th October

Today I got into the group that I had been put into, with Mark and Jack to which Jack discussed with me what they did in the previous lesson (as I was away) the two had decided on an idea that we as a group would work on. I must admit the idea they have come up with I really like and I am looking forward to planning it. The idea that the two came up with was about a person (I'm not quite sure about age or gender) and they were really into wizardry, the person was obsessing over Harry Potter and was going through a book and trying to perform spells, though nothing happened and the person eventually gave up. As this person leaves the room all of the spells that he/she tried then begin to come into effect. This has a comical effect (in my opinion) and I really think that this idea would play out well.

Once I had caught up on the previous lesson we begun writing the shot list for the short that we had in mind. We came up with the person reading a Harry Potter book of which would be put down and a "Wizardry for Dummies" book would be picked up as they then try and do the spells, we also decided on some spells that would be used and the planning for the shot list is well under way.

Hopefully next lesson we will have the shot list completed and uploaded and begin story boarding of which I am looking forward to. I think that trying to work out shot duration will be difficult but it will be done!


17th October

I was late to lesson this morning as I had a dentist appointment and in that time Jack discussed the shotlist through with Mark (as he was away on the 16th) when I turned up the shotlist had been finished and I am happy with the shot choices and planning. We all then went on to do the storyboard and this is where we planned out each shot that we had write, along the way we elaborated more and things got in more detail, we also adjusted the last shot and added in one more, this was really handy and the shotlist will be updated to match the storyboard though we did stick to it but with some improvements to make it all flow and the continuity would be right.

I am going to draw up the images in the storyboard then regroup with Jack and Mark tomorrow to make sure they are happy with it and suggest any improvements or adjustments as I will be drawing out all the shots that we all decided on.


18th October
We contiuned with the storyboards as I had taken then home to draw up, we went through then and added in more details and arrow directions. After we had finished the storyboards, Jack and I went location scouting and did a location recce in the college library, we filled out the form and got it signed by the librarian. We knew this was the place that we wanted to shoot out and therefore we also filled out and got the location release signed. This was for us to shoot on Monday the 21st October. We agreed on this date and the librarian was happy we were going to shoot during 13:45 and 4:00 on that date. Having done this we also printed off the talent release forms as we knew who we wanted for the short. Handing out the forms we made sure they would both have them filled in and done by Monday. Finally we wrote a scrap list of props that we would need for Monday.

Next lesson we plan to shoot, even though we haven't done the props/costumes list we have a quick note of everything we need and it just needs to be wrote up. Hopefully being able to film we will get it all done and I look forward to doing this.


21st October
So today was filming day! It went so well, we filmed everything within the time allocated and we got multiple shots and takes just in case, we followed the storyboard and it really helped us along the way when we were shooting. There was a little bit of trouble when recording as we found that having a mirror was difficult to hang in the area that we hand, so instead of the mirror we decided we would remove the wand box as this was easier to do. Still following the storyboard minus the use of the mirror we found this to work really well. I think that not using the mirror was handy and it didn't mess up anything too much, in fact I think it was easier to make the wand box disappear. I really am pleased with how the filming went. We got back to class and uploaded the files onto the mac.

Next lesson hopefully we will have the props and costumes list wrote up and on my blog neatly, also having a short script of some dialogue that was used. Though we aren't using the dialogue that was recorded when we were shooting, we are going to re-record the voices and the ambient sounds t later add on in post-production, hopefully these things will be done in the next couple of days.


22nd October
Finishing off last pieces we made a props and costumes list. This list was simple as we didn't have many props or costumes, only a few which were the main essentials and these were simple to note down. After doing that we double checked we had everything else, of which we did. Having time left over we used this to watch our shooting that we did yesterday, this was really good as we got an understanding of everything to see if we could piece it all together. We then decided we would start editing just to get a rough idea of what things we can do. When editing we realised that there is a mis-match with one of the shots as we see the wand go onto the page at a left angle but when we cut to the extrme close-up the wand is in the opposite direction, therefore we are going to need to reshoot this. This will having to be done with all of the shots consisting of tracking down the spells page but it should be simple as it is a simple shot. After editing a little we left it so we could prepare for what to do next lesson.

Next lesson we plan to reshoot the shot that went wrong and hopefully fix that and then continue to edit, this will be a good lesson to get as much done as possible so that when I go on holiday for two weeks I would have started the editing and then I won't be too far behind when I return and I can then see the final process they did with the editing. I look forward to next lesson and hopefully we get those two things done.


23rd October
As we finished our rough edit we were quite pleased with how it all turned out. Watching it through a few times we pre-planned what we need to reshoot and we are ready to regroup in F block today as we are all free and we are going to reshoot our last shoot as we are going to do it with a jib to make it more stable. This should work well but I think the only difficulity will be trying to get the jib in the small area that we have, not only that but having to set up the entire set again will be difficult- the books are the only ones we need to do as the box will be easy to place. Hopefully this will be quick and simple. Not only that but we can reshoot the tracking down the spell spage with the wand in the right direction.

After half term I hope for the group to edit everything together and do the dialogue recording so that when I return I can see the final piece. I look forward to coming back after half term as I really think that our shooting has gone well and this short could work. I think having got the editing pretty much finished we are well set and planned for what we have left to do. I look forward to coming back after my holiday.

DepicT! Idea

So after mounds of thinking and looking around I finally came up with an idea. Having looked at a whole bunch of ninety seconds shorts and searching on YouTube looking at other videos, I found that thinking of an idea was a lot more difficult than expected. I must have looked at least fifty different videos and read about twenty odd different ideas that other people had until finally I thought of an idea, it seemed too good to be true at the time and I realised that I had just thought of an idea that had been done before; it was called ‘love language’ and I thought it was a really good story line and I liked the twist at the end, but I had to scrap that idea and start again.

I decided that I would come up with an idea that had some kind of loss or trouble in it, also I wanted to have some kind of twist, as the other videos and my previous ‘idea’ seemed really cool and I like twists, so that’s what I wanted to do and with that I named the idea of my short ‘Profit’ and this would be about a guy/girl who had just had some sort of confrontation or some exchange in money to which they then dropped some change on the floor, this could have been a 1p a 2p or any circular coin less than a pound. The (let’s use the 2p for now) 2p then rolls away and we see this journey of this lost 2p until it crashes/meets a bigger sum of money that looks tattered and lost, there is some sort of glare (of course though money can’t glare) and the two coins have some kind of face off. A few moments late the guy/girl gets to the bottom of the hill and sees both coins on the floor, of course we would expect him/her to reach down and pick the penny up that he/she just dropped but the guy/girl grabs the larger some of money and walks off leaving the 2p on the floor, lost and lonely. This is meant to be some kind of sad short and I feel this would be the jist of what would happen. I think that this could work as an idea and I look forward to putting the idea ahead to others.

DepicT! Analysis 2

Enough- Tor Kristoffersen

DepicT! '08 Winner

Looking at this DepicT! Short which won in 2008, I find this to be a really touching yet upsetting a gritty, hard-hitting and shocking short about a man looking back at an incident he witnessed, to later build the courage, go out and threaten the gang leader. With a really interesting twist the man gets stabbed and the gang leader begins to shout “Dad!” This interesting plot twist really makes this short work and at this stage the audience is connected on an emotional level with the man and the son. Looking at the narrative structure of this, I am not sure if it follows the ‘classic realist’ I mean I guess that it could fit If the normality is the man sitting in the arm chair have the flashback of the young lad being beaten up by the gang, the enigma is then the man getting up and preparing himself to go out, the pathway to resolution (in a strange way) could be the walking towards the gang and then the threatening, even thought threatening isn't really resolution and the closure would be the death of the man and the realisation that the gang leader is the man’s son. I feel that explaining the narrative makes it more applicable to fitting loosely around that narrative structure, though I do like the way it is all been planned and shot.

The sound in this short is really powerful as when we see the flashback, only in the flashback shots there is dialogue, when we see the man in his home, it is silent, until the banging of his glass on the table, this silence works really well because I find it to be entrancing to make me listen to the old man’s flashback and why he is so quiet. Up until the first forty-seven seconds (excluding the flashback) there are only minimal ambient noises which once again are placed in nicely to make us connect with the man, at forty-eight seconds we hear music which is supposedly diegetic, but you can’t see where it is coming from, but then it gets louder as the man approaches the gang, as he does the music stops therefore I am unsure whether or not it is supposed to be in the world of the film though I know that it had probably been added on in post production.

When watching this we start with an extreme close-up of a man’s eye shut, we also hear some dialogue of aggressive shouting and the noises of hitting, this is a sound bridge as we then see a shot of a gang beating this young lad, this shot is emphasised to be uncomfortable by the use of a canted angle, this already has us connected to the old man just in the starting two shots. The extreme-close up can be looked at as a sense of suspense, but in this case I will be looking at it as identification, as we are identifying with the man’s thoughts and this shot works. Another way to identify with the character is a point of view shot, the flash back that the man is having can be seen as a point of view shot as obviously that is his flashback and the way he

remembered him. We realise it’s his flashback when we see a shot of him shouting at the gang to stop but they just run away, in this there are a few more shots of canted angles which really make it looks disturbing as they finally kill this young lad. There are other signs of identification with the man as we see many extreme close-ups which force us to enter his personal space and sympathise with him. The title of the short is then cut in after the flashback and then cut back to the man in his home. We further identify with him when we see a photo of a young boy in a school photo, at the time, the audience is unaware who this is (unless they really paid attention) but this gets the audience intrigued to what is about to happen and who the boy is (unless they already figured it out). The main use of extreme close-ups really does get us to identify with the man and the narrative itself as we want to know more as the short plays out.

Looking at the continuity system of the short there are many ways that the editing has been done. This short doesn't break the 180° as we always stick in front of the man once he has left the house and when he approaches the gang. There is also an eye-line match once the man picks up a baton and then looks off screen, the eye-line match is to a photo of a young boy in a school photo. I feel that the rules of the continuity system are stuck to and this is kept quite simple with the use of shot types, by keeping them simple and just in front of the characters all the time.

Moving onto suspense, this links in with the continuity system but instead of the type of edits, the cuts that are used are pieced together with a quick editing pace, this really builds the suspense in the short. Even more so but because a lot of the shots are extreme close-ups, having a quick editing pace really makes the audience edgy as they wonder what is going to happen. Not only that but the use of cross-cuts where we see the old man walking towards the gang and then we have a shot of the gang, this is simultaneously going on as the man finally approaches the gang, the journey from his house to the gangs hangout has an editing pace which slowly increases, I find this to build tension to what he is going to do (above images). The shaky hand-held like camera movement really adds to the atmosphere and nervousness of the man and the audiences interest to what is to come. I also find that the suspense is created with the way that internal framing is used, the mise-en-scene is important too as the knife plays an important role to what happens, coming full circle.

When the man reaches the gang the shots are really shaky and they are shot through pieces of wood (at least that’s what it looks like) I find this to really add suspense as I personally want to see the whole thing and not bits through these gaps in the wood. Finally there is a low angle shot of the man on the floor (stabbed and bleeding out) and the gang leader calls out “Dad!” at this point the audience can process the young boy in the school photo was the gang leader and now the man had lost as the low angle portrays this. At this point in time the audience have connected with the man and now feel sorry for everything that has gone on to realise that it was his son who killed the young lad in the flashback from the beginning. I personally find this a really upsetting short but so emotional and powerful to be done in ninety seconds.

DepicT! Analysis 1

The Day Bob was saved by modern technology- Johan Kramer

DepicT! '02 Shortlist

Firstly I will be looking at ‘The Day Bob was saved by modern technology’ which was made by Johan Kramer. This interesting short is about an old man who has trouble with his motorcycle brakes as they fail, there is then a journey to finally coming to a stop.  The narrative structure of this short is quite simple and fits the ‘classic realist’ narrative structure as it has the normality at the start as he rides the motorcycle, the enigma is created as the brakes fail and then the rest of the short is about the pathway to resolution, this is finally resolves in the closure as his friends hold a mattress up to stop and save him from injuring himself. This narrative structure is enhanced with many features such as building the suspense in the pathway to resolution.

Some techniques of the suspense are demonstrated through the editing pace which speeds up after we see a close-up of Bob realising the brakes have failed as he tries to use them, there is also a car that is broken down and this creates some suspense as it is foreshadowing what is going to later happen to Bob.  Even though there aren't any extreme close-ups to show suspense in the face there are a few close-ups which really showcase what is going on in Bob’s face or even the failure of the brakes but there are mainly medium and long shots that are used and they do the suspense job just as well as we see a range of long and medium shots which are pieced together with a quick editing pace (linking back to the previous paragraph) and this quick pace really works well with the shots. There are also a fair amount of close-ups which are used to add more suspense to the story like the shot of the brakes failing and the close-up of the motorcycle wheel as it spins round showing how fast Bob is really going. Finally I think that the point of view shots really make us connect with Bob as we are put in his view and we can create some emotional identification as we begin to worry whether or not he will be safe. I find all of the techniques really add to the suspense of the short.

To further develop and help us identify with the Bob and the short there are techniques used like the use of a close-up, as I mentioned earlier there are only a few and the main one is used when we see Bob playing around with the brakes to realise they don’t work, not only that but there is a medium shot which zooms into to a kind of close-up of Bob’s face as he realises the brakes are gone, this could also be a reaction shot, as we see how he feels and his expression tells us exactly what his thoughts are about the current situation. There is also a point of view shot after where it Bob quickly looks down this narrow road to see that he can’t come to a stop, this shot gives us more identification with Bob as we are put in his shoes. Back to the reaction shots, there is another in the short as when Bob reaches the two old ladies holding the mattress there is a reaction shot of the women on the left as she sees Bob about to crash into the mattress, this really makes us connect with how these two new characters then feel about the situation.

When we see the start of the short, there are intertitles of the name of the short; there is then a graphic match of Bob riding on his motorcycle as he rides though the ‘O’ in Bob. After this we see Bob ride from right to left and the camera pans to the right and Bob is riding from left to right, this breaks the 180˚ rule (above images). These are parts of the continuity system, as we have various ways to help the audience understand the relation one shot to the next, but as we can see multiple times across the entire short the 180˚ is broken various times and this makes it confusing for the audience, not only that but linking back to suspense I think that this emphasises the issue at hand because there are multiple edits which mismatch maybe creating tension in the dilemma that is about to happen and does happen.


A further aspect of the continuity system is the way that establishing shots are used; at the start I would class that as an establishing shot (after the graphic match) as we see this old man riding his motorcycle calmly which is rode off screen, there is then a re-establishing shot when Bob reaching a cross-road and this is when we first start or pathway to resolution and this sets where Bob is and the two cars that he has just encountered and had to make brake (it’s a good thing both cars brakes work) I would say in my opinion they are the only two establishing shots in the short as most other shots don’t set the scene or anything, as the use of the long shots piece nicely together without confusion or need for re-establishing shots.

Not only this but I find that sound is very important in this short, especially the bell as we repeatedly hear the ringing as Bob tries to get people to move out of the way; no dialogue is spoken in this entire short and the bell is a brilliant way of trying to be the shouting or distress that Bob would be saying if there was dialogue. Not only that, but there are various ambient noises as he rides around, like the car horns and the band that play, though when we first hear the band they aren't on screen, this is a sound bridge as we then later move onto the visuals of the band playing. Across the whole short there is the overriding sound of the motorcycle engine with has probably been enhanced in post-production, this is the main sound element that is heard. To finally conclude it all when Bob is finally saved there is a tweeting of a bird which makes things seem more uplifting and positive that he has just been saved and things are better.